Children with enteric fever presented with sudden onset of fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. It has been estimated that during the last years typhoid fever caused about 21 million cases and 200 000600 000 deaths annually, 90% of which occurred in asia. Diarrhea occurred in 62% of children with paratyphoid fever and 36% of children. However, the effect and incidence of tf in many parts of subsaharan africa are largely. Often there is a gradual onset of a high fever over several days. The means of infection, spread, clinical course, pathology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment are similar to those for typhoid. Was the patient ill with symptoms of typhoid or paratyphoid fever sustained fever, headache, anorexia, relative bradycardia, constipation or diarrhea, etc. From 1 january through 9 february 2020, 472 laboratory confirmed cases including 70. Typhoid fever in asia data from global burden of disease studies show most cases of typhoid fever to be reported on the indian subcontinent. Apr 27, 2016 there are fresh fears that the worst yellow fever outbreak in decades, which has killed 250 people in angola and is straining global vaccine supplies, posing a dilemma for health officials. In the reporting week 48 25th 1 st december, 2019 eight new confirmedii cases were. This was a prospective study carried out in a nigerianteaching hospital. Typhoid fever is a systemic disease caused by the gramnegative bacterium salmonella enterica serotype typhi s.
The survey was conducted in february this year as part of hala nigeria meaning speak out, nigeria, a project of the usbased international center for journalists icj that seeks to improve public information and. Typhoid fever is a lifethreatening systemic infection 6. Yellow fever outbreaks are ongoing in angola, with exported cases to the democratic republic of congo, kenya, and china. Typhoid fever is endemic in many developing countries particularly in asia, but relatively uncommon in the united states, which has 300400 cases annually and approximately 150 cases annually of paratyphoid fever reported most years. Typhi blood culture positivity with a view to outline the longitudinal trends of typhoid fever in parallel with key contextual factors and to assess the trends of antimicrobial resistance in s.
Like in most infectious diseases, accurate diagnosis of typhoid fever is germane to reduction. Symptoms are high fever, prostration, abdominal pain, and a rosecolored rash. Ordinarily, this certificate is only required if travellers are arriving from an area where yellow fever is endemic. Symptoms usually begin 630 days after exposure and are the same as those of typhoid fever. Multiple cultures increase the sensitivity and may be required to make the diagnosis. Lassa fever is reported in benin, cote d ivoire, ghana, guinea, liberia, mali, nigeria, sierra leone and togo. Epidemiologic and clinical features of lassa fever outbreak in. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever case report please complete this form only for new, symptomatic, cultureproven cases of typhoid or paratyphoid fever. It is largely a disease of developing nations due to their poor standard of hygiene and unavailability of potable water. Salmonella enterica serovars paratyphi a, b, and c cause the clinically similar condition, paratyphoid fever. National typhoid and paratyphoid fever surveillance. The high number of lassa fever cases is concerning, said dr alemu, who representative to nigeria. Lassa fever full recovery without ribavarin treatment.
Typhoid and paratyphoid fever case questionnaire s ection 7. Paratyphoid fever is a serious illness that is similar to typhoid fever, but it is caused by a different bacterium, salmonella paratyphi. Typhoid fever still poses a serious health challenge in nigeria and in antibiotic resistance, and is a major health security issue. Patients with typhoid or paratyphoid fever have bacteremia. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever case questionnaire typhoid. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever in 192 hospitalized children. Nigerians rank malaria, typhoid fever as major concerns. The epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of enteric fever are discussed separately. Typhoid fever infectious diseases msd manual professional.
Introduction to lassa fever world health organization. In the last 2 years, there has been public panic across nigeria about an epidemic of a killer febrile disease, purportedly typhoid fever. A case of typhoid fever is defined as an acute illness compatible with typhoid fever in which salmonella serotype typhi is isolated from a normally sterile site or from stool or urine. Paratyphoid fever definition of paratyphoid fever by.
Typhoid fever risk vaccination is recommended when going outside the areas usually visited by tourists such as travelling extensively in the interior of the country e. Prevalence of typhoid fever among different sociodemographic groups in ondo state, nigeria. Paratyphoid fever, also known simply as paratyphoid, is a bacterial infection caused by one of the three types of salmonella enterica. Feb 16, 2018 lassa fever erupts in nigeria a pile of garri, a staple food in nigeria, in a shop in lagos. Evaluation of diagnostic methods for typhoid fever disease in. Nigeria prepares as yellow fever spreads across africa the. Nigeria has developed a 10year plan to overcome the increasing risk of yellow fever epidemics, aligned with the principles set in the global strategy to eliminate yellow fever epidemics eye, a. Nigeria prepares as yellow fever spreads across africa. The prevalence of the typhoid fever using widal titration test was comparable with the study in ebonyi, 21. The country is fighting an outbreak of lassa virus, which is transmitted in. On 15 september, an official notification as per the.
It is also grouped together with typhoid fever under the name enteric fever. The study adopted a descriptive approach to assess how certain sociodemographic factors could influence typhoid fever distribution amidst representative. Malaria and typhoid fever are major aetiological considerations in both acute and prolonged fever of unknown origin puo in the tropics. Malaria, typhoid fever, and their coinfection among. In nigeria, typhoid fever prevalence rates were put at 42% in owerri 7. Yellow fever cases on the rise in west africa bugbitten. Until the twentieth century, the disease had a worldwide distribution. Api recommendations for the management of typhoid fever rajesh upadhyay1, milind y nadkar2, a muruganathan3, mangesh tiwaskar 4, deepak amarapurkar5, nh banka6, ketan k mehta7, bs sathyaprakash8 the panel of experts who participated in the meeting prefers to use the term enteric fever instead of typhoid fever, as the. Fever is a common cause for consultation in most healthcare facilities in the tropics and subtropics, 1 with infections accounting for most causes of fever. For those thinking of visiting nigeria, remember to take your yellow fever vaccination certificate. Paratyphoid fever, a similar illness, is caused by salmonella enterica paratyphi a, b, and c. Pdf the incidence and management of typhoid fever in. The large lassa fever outbreak in nigeria between january and may 2018, increased our.
Typhoid fever is caused by a bacterium, salmonella typhi. In addition to variation by location and age group, di. It was first described in northeastern nigeria in 1969, and it is endemic in west africa. How to prevent typhoid fever in nigeria typhoid fever in other words called enteric fever is a severe ill health associated with symptoms of stomach pains, acute headache, or loss of appetite and is caused by a gramnegative bacterial infection primarily called salmonella enteric which other terms referred to as salmonella typhi bacteria or. The principal vector was aedes aegypti, breeding in domestic water containers. Typhoid or enteric fever is caused by salmonella typhi. Therefore the vast majority of typhoid fever infections are acquired while traveling internationally. Patient with fever for 321 days with a measured temperature of 38oc or more with one or more of the following. Api recommendations for the management of typhoid fever. National guideline for lassa fever case management ncdc.
Malaria, typhoid fever, and their coinfection among febrile. Osim, hannah etta, emmanuel ogban, ndibukke etim edet okon department of biological sciences, cross river university of technology, calabar, nigeria abstract the study was aimed at ascertaining the prevalence of typhoid fever by salmonella typhii and the four year trend of the. Burden of typhoid fever in lowincome and middleincome countries. Lassa fever lf is endemic to nigeria, where the disease causes substantial. The most prominent feature of the infection is fever which gradually rises to a high plateau. Pdf prevalence of typhoid fever among different socio. Typhoid fever still remains a major public health problem in developing countries even in the twenty first century1,2. On 14 september 2017, the nigeria centre for disease control ncdc informed who of a confirmed case of yellow fever in kwara state. The incidence and management of typhoid fever in nigeria typhoid or enteric fever is caused by salmonella typhi.
Jan 18, 2018 nigeria has developed a 10year plan to overcome the increasing risk of yellow fever epidemics, aligned with the principles set in the global strategy to eliminate yellow fever epidemics eye, a. In africa, the presumptive diagnosis of malaria leads to the misdiagnosis and under diagnosis of many other infectious diseases. The widal test has certainly been misused in nigeria, and this has resulted in misuse of chloramphenicol. Prevalence of typhoid fever among different sociodemographic. Cdc has conducted surveillance for paratyphoid fever since 2008. According to a recent situation report released by the world health organization, over 4,000 suspected cases and hundreds of deaths have been reported, mostly from angola. Typhoid fever vaccine, symptoms, treatment, causes, contagious. National typhoid and paratyphoid fever surveillance typhoid. The survey was conducted in february this year as part of hala nigeria meaning speak out, nigeria, a project of the usbased international center for journalists icj that seeks to improve public information and engagement on. The ability to rapidly detect cases of infection in the community and refer them early for treatment improves patients. Weakness, loss of appetite, and headaches also commonly occur. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever, collectively termed enteric fever, are similar severe febrile systemic illnesses caused by infection with the invasive gram negative bacterium salmonella enterica, subspecies enterica serovar typhi s.
The epidemic started in december 2015 and despite extensive. Blood culture is the mainstay of diagnosis in typhoid and paratyphoid fever. This infection is highly prevalent in nigeria 2, 3, 4. Typhoid fever occurred in many parts of the world like far east asia, middle east, central in south america, zimbabwe, australia, west french guiana, thailand, ivory coast, india, florida, spain, turkey and nigeria as reported by the this corresponding author khan et al. Risk the bacteria are present in many southeast asian countries as well as in africa, central and south america, and western pacific countries in areas where there is poor water and sewage sanitation. The country is fighting an outbreak of lassa virus, which is transmitted in rodent feces and urine and. Often, a gradual onset of a high fever occurs over several days. Typhoid fever, also known simply as typhoid, is a bacterial infection due to a specific type of salmonella that causes symptoms. This was also the case in america and europe three centuries ago, until measures for sanitary disposal and supply. Abuja yellow fever advisory public nigeria reliefweb. Abuja malaria and typhoid fever are the biggest health concerns of nigerians, a new survey that aims to amplify citizens voices on health matters shows. Treatment is with ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, or azithromycin.
Epidemiological and clinical aspects of human typhoid fever christopher m. There are fresh fears that the worst yellow fever outbreak in decades, which has killed 250 people in angola and is straining global vaccine supplies, posing a dilemma for. All the patients were diagnosed as typhoid fever, primarily based on widal test results. A combined approach that includes the use of typhoid vaccines, improvements in sanitation, and safe water supply is essential. Evaluation of diagnostic methods for typhoid fever disease. Who alerts to imminent yellow fever epidemic in nigeria. This is commonly accompanied by weakness, abdominal pain, constipation, headaches, and mild. From 1977 to 1984, salmonella typhi was isolated from 85% and salmonella paratyphi a was isolated from 15% of 192 thai children with enteric fever at childrens hospital, bangkok. Jul 29, 2016 yellow fever outbreaks are ongoing in angola, with exported cases to the democratic republic of congo, kenya, and china. Lassa fever erupts in nigeria a pile of garri, a staple food in nigeria, in a shop in lagos. Travelassociated typhoid fever is defined as illness in a person who traveled outside of the united states in the 30 days before illness onset, and domestically. Typhoid fever tf remains a problem of concern in many lowincome countries. Most patients have high fevers, generalized fatigue, headache, and loss of appetite.
Unlike other salmonella species these infect only humans. Lassa fever lf is a viral hemorrhagic disease caused by the lassa. The incidence and management of typhoid fever in nigeria. A growing lassa fever outbreak in nigeria has killed 101 people, as west africa battles to contain a flare up of the virus, according to data from the nations health authorities released saturday.
Fouryear longitudinal assessment of the prevalence of. Paratyphoid fever is marked by high fever, headache, loss of appetite, vomiting, and constipation or diarrhea. Paratyphoid fever, infectious disease similar to typhoid, though usually milder, caused by any of several organisms. Confirmed lassa fever rate per 100,000 population for lgas in nigeria, cumulative 2020 to current week. Symptoms may vary from mild to severe, and usually begin 6 to 30 days after exposure. Dec 22, 2017 on 14 september 2017, the nigeria centre for disease control ncdc informed who of a confirmed case of yellow fever in kwara state.
An additional barrier to reducing typhoid fever incidence in nigeria is the lack of access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation facilities. The animal reservoir of the lassa fever virus is a rat, mastomys natalensis. A large epidemic of urban yellow fever occurred in april and may 1987 in oyo state, western nigeria. It is transmitted faecoorally through contaminated food and water. Certain etiologies of fever of unknown origin fuo have a significant prevalence in this continent but are seldom the focus of practitioners or are impossible to diagnose because of a lack of resources. Typhoid fever which has been reported in all age groups and classes in nigeria 5 is commonly acquired from water or food contaminated by. Epidemiological and clinical aspects of human typhoid fever.
Finally, it appears that there may not have been an epidemic of typhoid fever, during the period in question, in nigeria after all. Although lassa fever is endemic in nigeria, the current outbreaks in the affected states have reached an alert peak. Definition paratyphoid fever, which is sometimes called salmonella paratyphi infection, is a serious contagious disease caused by a gramnegative bacterium. About 30% of patients have rose spots on the front of the. Travelassociated typhoid fever is defined as illness in a person who traveled outside of the united states in the 30 days before illness began, and domestically acquired typhoid fever is defined as illness in a person without such a travel history. Please complete this form only for new, symptomatic, cultureproven cases of typhoid or paratyphoid fever. This is commonly accompanied by weakness, abdominal pain. The diagnosis of typhoid fever based on widal test is on the rise despite its set back.